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Astaxanthin Effectiveness and Synergies
Demonstrated to be bioavailable in human studies
48. Osterlie, M., et al, "Blood appearance and
distribution of astaxanthin E/Z isomers among plasma lipoproteins in humans administered in a single meal with astaxanthin," Unpublished paper presented at the 12th International
Symposium on Carotenoids in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, July 1999.
49. Chew, BP., et al., "Dietary Beta-carotene and astaxanthin but not canthaxanthin stimulate splenocyte
function in mice," Anticancer Research, December 1999: 19.
50. Gobantes, I, et al., "Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin kinetics after ingestion of individual doses by immature
rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, February 1997: 45(2), pp. 454-458.
At least 10 times more effective as an antioxidant than beta-carotene
8. Miki, W., "Biological Functions and Activities of Animal Carotenoids," Pure and Applied
Chemistry, 1991: 63(1) pp. 141-146.
100 to 500 times more effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation as an antioxidant than Vitamin E
6. Kurashige, M., et al, "
Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin," Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR, 1990: 22(1), pp. 27-38.
8. Miki, W., "Biological
Functions and Activities of Animal Carotenoids," Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1991: 63(1) pp. 141-146.
Greater anti-inflammatory capability than Vitamin E
6.
Kurashige, M., et al, " Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin," Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR, 1990: 22(1), pp. 27-38.
46. Bennedsen, M., et al., "Treatment of H. pylori-infected mice with antioxidant/astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by
splenocytes," Immunology Letters, December 1, 1999: 70(3) pp. 185-9.
47. Lignell A., et al., "Symptom improvement in Helicobacter pylori-positive non-ulcer dyspeptic patients
after treatment with the carotenoid astaxanthin," Unpublished study from Sweden and the Center for Digestive Diseases, NSW, Australia, 1999.
Almost 4 times the antioxidant capacity of lutein
8. Miki, W., "Biological Functions and Activities of Animal Carotenoids," Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1991: 63(1) pp.
141-146.
29. O'Connor, I, et al., "Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by beta-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts," Journal of
Dermatological Science, March 1998: 16(3) pp. 226-230.
More stable in scavenging and quenching than beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin
6. Kurashige, M., et
al, " Inhibition of oxidative injury of biological membranes by astaxanthin," Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR, 1990: 22(1), pp. 27-38.
8. Miki, W.,
"Biological Functions and Activities of Animal Carotenoids," Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1991: 63(1) pp. 141-146.
10. Mortensen, A., et al, "Relative stability of
carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy," FEBS Letters, November 17, 1997: 417(3), pp. 261-266.
13.
DiMascio, P., et al., "Carotenoids, tocopherols and thiols as biological singlet molecular oxygen quenchers," Biochemical Society Transactions, 1990: 18, pp. 1054-1056.
31.
Tinkler, JH, et al, "Dietary carotenoids protect human cells from damage," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, December 1994: 26(3), pp. 283-285.
37. Rich, M., et
al., "Dihydroxy-carotenoid liposomes inhibit phototoxicity in Paramecium caudatum," Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1992: 56(3) pp. 413-416.
Most potent antioxidant in enhancing immune modulation
38. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Effects of various carotenoids on cloned, effector-stage T-helper cell activity,"
Nutrition of Cancer, 1996: 26(3) pp. 313-324.
39. Jyonouchi, H., et al, "Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. I. Effects of beta-carotene and astaxanthin on murine
lymphocyte functions and cell surface marker expression in in vitro culture system," Nutrition and Cancer, 1991: 16(2), pp. 93-105.
40. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Studies of
immunomodulating actions of carotenoids. II. Astaxanthin enhances in vitro antibody production to T-dependent antigens without facilitating polyclonal B-cell activation," Nutrition and
Cancer, 1993: 19(3) pp. 269-280.
41. Jyonouchi, H, et al., "Immunomodulating actions of carotenoids: enhancement of in vivo and in vitro antibody production to T-dependent
antigens," Nutrition and Cancer, 1994: 21(1), pp. 47-58.
42. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without Vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in
cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen," Journal of Nutrition, October 1995: 125(10) pp. 2483-2492.
43. Jyonouchi, H., et al., "Astaxanthin,
a carotenoid without Vitamin A activity enhances in vitro immunoglobulin production in response to a T-dependent stimulant and antigen," Nutrition and Cancer, 1995: 23(2) pp. 171-183.
44. Okai, Y, et al, "Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments," International Journal of Immunopharmacology, December 1996:
18(12), pp. 753-758.
45. Tomita, Y, et al., "Preventive action of carotenoids on the development of lymphadenopathy and proteinuria in MRL-lpr/lpr mice," Autoimmunity, 1993:
16(2) pp. 95-102.
More effective than lycopene, lutein and beta-carotene in immune protection against initiation and promotion of tumors
15. Gradelet, S, et al.,
"Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat," Carcinogenesis, March 1998: 19(3) pp. 403-411.
16. Mori, H., et al.,
"Chemoprevention by naturally occurring and synthetic agents in oral, liver and large bowel carcinogenesis," Journal of Cell Biochemistry, Supplement, 1997: 27, pp. 35-41.
17. Astorg, P., et al., "Effects of provitamin A or non-provitamin A carotenoids on liver xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in mice," Nutrition of Cancer, 1997: 27(3) pp. 245-249.
18. Rousseau, EJ, et al., "Protection by beta-carotene and related compounds against oxygen-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: implications for carcinogenesis and
anticarcinogenesis," Free Radical Biology & Medicine, October 1992: 13(4) pp. 407-433.
19. Tanaka, T., et al., "Suppression of azoxymethane-induced rat colon
carcinogenesis by dietary administration of naturally occurring xanthophylls astaxanthin and canthaxanthin during the postinitiation phase," Carcinogenesis, December 1995: 16(12) pp.
2957-2963.
20. Tanaka, T., et al., "Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin," Cancer Research, September
15, 1995: 55(18) pp. 4059-4064.
21. Chew BP., et al., "A comparison of the anticancer activitites of dietary Beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo,"
Anticancer Research, May-June, 1999: 19(3a) PP. 1849-1854.
22. Tanaka, T., et al., "Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid
astaxanthin,"Carcinogenesis, January 1994: 15(1) pp. 15-19.
23. Gradelet, S, et al., "Effects of canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, lycopene and lutein on liver
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat," Xenobiotica, January 1996: 26(1) pp. 49-63.
24. Jewell C. and O'Brien, N., "Effect of dietary supplementation with carotenoids on
xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of the rat,"British Journal of Nutrition, March 1999: 81(3) pp. 235-242.
25. Wolz, E.,
"Characterization of metabolites of astaxanthin in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes," Drug Metabolism and Disposition, April 1999: 27(4) pp. 456-52.
Enhances the actions of Vitamins C, E and retinol
1. Nagakawa, K., et al., "Inhibition of beta-carotene and astaxanthin of NADPH-dependent microsomal
phospholipid peroxidation," Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, June 1997: 43(3) pp. 345-355.
11. Palozza, P, Krinsky, N, "Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin are
potent antioxidants in a membrane model," Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, September 1992: 297(2) pp. 291-295.
30. Savoure, N., et al., "Vitamin A status and
metabolism of cutaneous polyamines in the hairless mouse after UV irradiation: action of beta-carotene and astaxanthin," International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1995:
65(2), pp. 79-86>
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